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<div style='margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(100, 100, 100); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; font-family: myFont, "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;' .='margin: 0px 0px 1em; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "ingFang SC", "Microsoft YaHei", "Source Han Sans SC", "Noto Sans CJK SC", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);'>最近开源架构的话题又在国内火了,这次是RISC-V。开源架构并不新鲜,
Sparc也开源,Power也开源,MIPS开源支持Android还让好些人激动了一把,但都是热闹了一阵以后就曲终人散了,然后几年以后再来一轮,媒体再炒一轮。其实我觉得这一次RISC-V也没什么不一样。<div style='margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(100, 100, 100); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; font-family: myFont, "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;' .='margin: 1em 0px; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "ingFang SC", "Microsoft YaHei", "Source Han Sans SC", "Noto Sans CJK SC", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);'>摆上茶水瓜子点心,给大家慢慢讲:首先所有推崇RISC-V的文章都在说RISC-V架构简单,功耗面积低,这其实跟以前夸MIPS没什么不同。在CPU设计里,指令集是其中最简单最基础的一部分,可以说,采用RISC架构的指令集都差不多,无非是在寄存器数目,分支跳转,数据存取等指令方面做一些取舍,达到某种平衡,满足某些特定需要。在学院派那儿PK的功耗面积,在工程派眼中离实用还远的很。做出一个demo和做出真正工程上能用的产品还隔着十万八千里,而工程上能用距离商业成功又隔了十万八千里。因为一个指令集就把某种架构夸上天实在没必要。 少年啊,心态要平稳,不要太浮躁<div style='margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(100, 100, 100); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; font-family: myFont, "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;' .='margin: 1em 0px; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "ingFang SC", "Microsoft YaHei", "Source Han Sans SC", "Noto Sans CJK SC", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);'>开源架构受到追捧隐含的另一个意思是Arm等IP厂商授权太贵,所以总有人揭竿而起要革商业公司的命,用免费打败收费。这里面有两重误会,我一一道来:<div style='margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(100, 100, 100); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; font-family: myFont, "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;' .='margin: 1em 0px; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "ingFang SC", "Microsoft YaHei", "Source Han Sans SC", "Noto Sans CJK SC", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);'>
<div style='margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(100, 100, 100); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; font-family: myFont, "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;' .='margin: 1em 0px; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "ingFang SC", "Microsoft YaHei", "Source Han Sans SC", "Noto Sans CJK SC", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);'><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box;" .="font-weight: 600;">第一个误会是指令集架构授权和CPU
核的授权被刻意模糊了。Arm的CPU核授权门槛其实很低,甚至有Design
Start你们可以了解一下,基本可以免费获取Cortex-M0和Cortex-M3,一些媒体文章动辄说Arm授权费要千万美金,钱真有那么好赚吗?Arm被孙正义收购的时候营收一年也就10多亿美金,这生意绝对说不上大。架构授权的客户都是财大气粗玩的起的主儿,如我大苹果、大高通、大三星等,初创公司完全有很多很便宜的选择,干嘛一上手就搞架构授权?刻意强调千万美金授权不能不说是有意误导。<div style='margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(100, 100, 100); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; font-family: myFont, "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;' .='margin: 1em 0px; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "ingFang SC", "Microsoft YaHei", "Source Han Sans SC", "Noto Sans CJK SC", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);'>
<div style='margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(100, 100, 100); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; font-family: myFont, "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;' .='margin: 1em 0px; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "ingFang SC", "Microsoft YaHei", "Source Han Sans SC", "Noto Sans CJK SC", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);'><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box;" .="font-weight: 600;">第二个误会则是来自开源社区。<div style='margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(100, 100, 100); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; font-family: myFont, "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;' .='margin: 1em 0px; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "ingFang SC", "Microsoft YaHei", "Source Han Sans SC", "Noto Sans CJK SC", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);'>很多人说开源架构免费多好呀,但我要说从架构定义到CPU核实现这中间有很长的路要走,这一部分并<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box;" .="font-weight: 600;">不免费,<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box;" .="font-weight: 600;">不免费,不免费(重要的事情强调三遍)像SiFive等公司都是要收钱的,与Arm的CPU核授权并无多少区别。把开源解读为免费恐怕是一个中英文翻译中的误会。在开源社区的概念刚刚被引入的时候就有人把Free
Software翻译为免费软件,但其实更准确的翻译是自由软件或开源软件,开源不等于免费,免费也不等于开源。开源指的是源代码公开,任何人可以免费获取自行编译或重新开发,只是要遵循相应的版权协议,像Linux遵循的是GPL协议,用GPL开源协议的代码重新开发的软件也必须开源。免费指的是软件不收钱,但是不一定开源。大名鼎鼎的Redhat
Linux是开源的,但是也不影响Redhat公司靠服务费收钱。在开源架构社区也是一样,指令集是开源的,遵循BSD协议,各家开发的产品不是必须要开源回馈给社区。各家公司在这个指令集基础上开发的自己的CPU核产品都是要收费的,毕竟开发CPU核产品也是要投入人力研发的啊,总不能都去做雷锋吧。<div style='margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(100, 100, 100); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; font-family: myFont, "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;' .='margin: 1em 0px; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "ingFang SC", "Microsoft YaHei", "Source Han Sans SC", "Noto Sans CJK SC", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);'>
<div style='margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(100, 100, 100); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; font-family: myFont, "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;' .='margin: 1em 0px; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "ingFang SC", "Microsoft YaHei", "Source Han Sans SC", "Noto Sans CJK SC", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);'>以上这些都是老生常谈。开源架构每过几年就要来一轮,背后其实大家都懂,就是学院派总是要有点新的研究成果,“国外一开源,我们就自主”的风气决定了,国外有什么新的指令集架构开源都会在国内激起一阵躁动。但学术不等于商业。CPU架构从上世纪90年代的10多家到现在以X86和Arm为主,背后其实是更深刻的产业和商业规律在主导。在我看来,有几下几个要素:<div style='margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(100, 100, 100); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; font-family: myFont, "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;' .='margin: 1em 0px; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Microsoft YaHei", "Source Han Sans SC", "Noto Sans CJK SC", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);'>
<div style='margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(100, 100, 100); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; font-family: myFont, "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;' .='margin: 1em 0px; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Microsoft YaHei", "Source Han Sans SC", "Noto Sans CJK SC", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);'><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box;" .="font-weight: 600;">1.指令集架构创新不具有革命性<div style='margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(100, 100, 100); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; font-family: myFont, "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;' .='margin: 1em 0px; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Microsoft YaHei", "Source Han Sans SC", "Noto Sans CJK SC", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);'>有多篇论文分析过指令集架构和性能功耗的关系,结论是指令集的差别与性能和能耗没有关系,两者性能的差异是由于需求的不同在硬件设计上的反映,例如指令发射速度、分支预测、乱序执行等方面,提升这些方面的性能需要使用到大量的硬件,使得硬件设计变得更加复杂,并且带来了更多的能耗。正如吴军在《浪潮之巅》中所说,“数量级是判断一项新技术是革命性还是革新性的关键”。Arm处理器功耗相比于x86有了数量级的提升,手机市场又比PC市场出货量要大一个数量级,这才有了Arm在移动互联网市场占据了端侧的优势,取代了x86指令集,也让架构授权模式为更多玩家所认可。在开源架构和Arm的PK中,没有这种数量级上的差异。Arm和RISC-V都是RISC架构的,只是指令集定义的不同,这就决定了不可能从指令集PK中获得什么优势,还是看具体的硬件实现和功能取舍。<div style='margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(100, 100, 100); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; font-family: myFont, "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;' .='margin: 1em 0px; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Microsoft YaHei", "Source Han Sans SC", "Noto Sans CJK SC", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);'>
<div style='margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(100, 100, 100); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; font-family: myFont, "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;' .='margin: 1em 0px; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Microsoft YaHei", "Source Han Sans SC", "Noto Sans CJK SC", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);'><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box;" .="font-weight: 600;">2.技术先进性不等于商业成功<div style='margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(100, 100, 100); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; font-family: myFont, "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;' .='margin: 1em 0px; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Microsoft YaHei", "Source Han Sans SC", "Noto Sans CJK SC", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);'>每次有人强调新的指令集比原有的指令集要高效的时候我就笑了,大家想想键盘布局的故事。现在的QWERT键盘布局虽然奇怪,但延续了这么多年,已经有了强大的惯性,即使有人发明了更高效的键盘布局也无法得到广泛支持。指令集上的故事也是类似。Intel的x86指令集是CISC架构的,曾被人Diss架构臃肿。历史上也有多次“x86革命”想取代x86架构,但都因为得不到广泛的支持最终以失败告终。巨大的商业利益和强劲的软硬件的支持可以使得x86架构难以撼动,这些都不是一个简单的技术问题。<div style='margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(100, 100, 100); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; font-family: myFont, "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;' .='margin: 1em 0px; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Microsoft YaHei", "Source Han Sans SC", "Noto Sans CJK SC", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);'>
<div style='margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(100, 100, 100); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; font-family: myFont, "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;' .='margin: 1em 0px; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Microsoft YaHei", "Source Han Sans SC", "Noto Sans CJK SC", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);'><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box;" .="font-weight: 600;">3.指令集架构是一个昂贵的公共品。<div style='margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(100, 100, 100); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; font-family: myFont, "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;' .='margin: 1em 0px; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Microsoft YaHei", "Source Han Sans SC", "Noto Sans CJK SC", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);'>对学院派来说,能运行软件跑成Demo发论文就是成功,对商业公司来说则是要完成从指令集定义到CPU微架构的设计,到整个芯片的设计和相应软件,工具链的开发和维护,以及在上面运行的操作系统,丰富的函数库以及应用程序,还需要得到大量用户认可,这些都不是一朝一夕之功。设计指令集不难,让一个指令集得到市场认可很难,而一旦得到认可,人们要迁移的成本也很高,这就是Intel能多年在PC和服务器市场称霸的原因。Intel也因为x86指令集的成功获得了巨大的商业利益。指令集架构这一公共品是如此昂贵,无法通过社区自发成长起来,而必须结合商业公司的力量。Linux也是在Android采用以后才得到了大发展。<div style='margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(100, 100, 100); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; font-family: myFont, "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;' .='margin: 1em 0px; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Microsoft YaHei", "Source Han Sans SC", "Noto Sans CJK SC", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);'>Arm通过授权模式让众多CPU厂商可以共享一套指令集和编译工具,极大的降低了众多CPU厂商的开发门槛,其实相当于众多CPU厂商众筹了一个Arm指令集,节省的是各家自己开发并维护一套指令集的开销。也正因为这个原因,市场对CPU架构的人员需求减少了,对应用程序开发者的需求增多了,Arm生态系统才有了今天的发展。<div style='margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(100, 100, 100); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; font-family: myFont, "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;' .='margin: 1em 0px; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Microsoft YaHei", "Source Han Sans SC", "Noto Sans CJK SC", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);'>现在众多厂商众筹另一个指令集,然后呢?也一样有巨大的生态开发成本,从指令集定义到真正成熟得到广泛应用,没有一二十年起不来。硬件不像软件,有什么错误可以发布新版本去修正,一旦流片了再修改就难了。一个IP要做好不是那么容易的事情,需要有客户一起去趟早期开发过程中的坑,稍有不慎出现一个Bug,前期投入就要打水漂。对商业公司来说开发成本损失还是小事,错失了市场机遇才是最大的损失。即使新指令集生态真能起来,大多数公司要么维护自己的CPU核开发团队,要么从IP授权公司购买相应的架构实现,真的能省钱吗?还是到时候再切换一次指令集,把这些坑再趟一遍?<div style='margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(100, 100, 100); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; font-family: myFont, "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;' .='margin: 1em 0px; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Microsoft YaHei", "Source Han Sans SC", "Noto Sans CJK SC", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);'>另外,开源架构采用的指令集架构开源,各家可以自己设计自己的CPU核的方式从一开始就埋下了碎片化的种子,各家IP公司自己设计自己的扩展,并且不需要回馈社区,其结果就是各自有一套自己的开发工具和软件库,重新走到了上世纪90年代有多家指令集架构的局面,对芯片开发公司来说并没有节省什么成本,反而因为各自微架构的特殊性带来操作系统和应用程序的不兼容,这是与商业世界成本尽量降低相矛盾的。<div style='margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(100, 100, 100); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; font-family: myFont, "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;' .='margin: 1em 0px; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Microsoft YaHei", "Source Han Sans SC", "Noto Sans CJK SC", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);'>指令集是越多人使用价值越大,指令集架构也就更贵,而CPU核只是部分公司使用,相对于指令集架构就便宜一些,这是Arm的商业模式,是目前经受了实践的检验的一种模式。当年MIPS指令集架构授权很便宜,CPU核卖的贵,是从成本而不是用户需求定价,正好搞反了。结果就是各家都拿了指令集自己去设计MIPS核,造成碎片化和分裂。现在开源社区也是类似的问题。指令集开源,准入门槛很低,IP设计厂商各搞一摊。开源社区没有力量去维护各家实现的统一标准,各家也只能通过低价来抢市场,芯片设计厂商则需要面对不同IP厂商的CPU核实现,不能发挥统一架构的优势,构成恶性循环。<div style='margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(100, 100, 100); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; font-family: myFont, "Microsoft YaHei"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;' .='margin: 1em 0px; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Microsoft YaHei", "Source Han Sans SC", "Noto Sans CJK SC", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);'>以上是一点对开源架构的浅见,供参考。最近RISC-V一片赞歌之中,我们更需要有一些不同的声音,RISC-V发展前景到底如何,拭目以待。 |
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